Heat oil in a large skillet over low heat, gradually increasing heat to medium-high. Cook beef in hot oil until browned, about 10 seconds per side. Transfer beef to a slow cooker.
Combine chipotle peppers, apple cider, lime juice, garlic, cumin, serrano pepper, cayenne pepper, oregano, black pepper, garlic powder, salt, and cloves in a blender or food processor; blend until smooth. Pour over beef in the slow cooker.
Stir broth, onion, and bay leaves into the slow cooker.
Cook on Low until beef shreds easily with a fork, 6 to 8 hours. Remove beef from slow cooker and shred beef using 2 forks. Return shredded beef to the slow cooker and stir to combine with sauce before serving.